Ballantine, David and Harold J. Humm.  (1975).  Benthic algae of the Anclote Estuary. I. Epiphytes of seagrass leaves.  Florida Scientist, 38: 150-162.

Humm, H. J.  (1964).  Epiphytes of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Florida.  Bulletin of Marine Science Gulf and Caribbean, 14: 306-341.

Odum, M. A.  (1985).  Shading Effects of Epiphytes on Leaves of Turtle Grass, Thalassia testudinum Band ex Konig.  Unpublished master's thesis.  University of Texas at Austin.

Sullivan, Michael J. and Donna J. Wear.  (1996).  Effects of water-column enrichment on the production dynamics of three seagrass species and their epiphytic algae.  69 pp.  Ocean Springs, MS: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium.

Tomasko, D. A. and B. E. Lapointe.  (1991).  Productivity and biomass of Thalassia testudinum as related to water column nutrient availability and epiphyte levels: field observations and experimental studies.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 75(1): 9-17.
(The authors compare two seagrass meadows, one offshore of a populated island with over 2000 septic tanks, and the other offshore of a large bird rookery and the results of their nutrient loading on Thallasia and their epiphytes.

Van Montfrans, J., R. L. Wetzel and R., J. Orth.  (1984).  Epiphyte-grazer relationships in seagrass meadows: Consequences for seagrass growth and production.  Estuaries, 7(4A): 289-309.

Adair, S. E., J. L. Moore, and C. P. Onuf.  (1994).  Distribution and status of submerged vegetation in estuaries of the Upper Texas coast.  Wetlands.  14(2):110-121.
(The authors look at the distribution of seagrasses of the Upper Texas coast.  Halodule wrightii was the dominant species, followed by Ruppia maritima.  Najas guadalupensis and Vallisneria americana were only found in the shallow, oligohaline waters, and Halophila engelmannii and Thalassia testudinum were only found in the deeper, euhaline waters.)

Bell, S. S., et al.  (2001).  Faunal response to fragmentation in seagrass habitats: implications for seagrass conservation. Biological Conservation, 100(1): 115-123.
(The studies in Tampa Bay, FL, examined: (1) the relationship between abundance of both fish and amphipod fauna and seagrass patch size in 24 seagrass (Halodule wrightii) beds.)

Boggess, D. H.  (1984).  Florida aquatic plant survey.  149 pp.  Tallahassee, FL: Florida Dept. of Natural Resources, Bureau of Aquatic Plant Research and Control.

Bologna, P. and K. L. Heck.  (2000).  Impacts of seagrass habitat architecture on bivalve settlement.  Estuaries, 23(4): 449-457.
(The article examines effects of differing spatial scales of seagrass habitat architecture on the composition and abundance of settling bivalves in a sub-tropical seagrass community.)

Bortolus, A., O. O. Iribarne and M. M. Martinez.  (1998).  Relationship between waterfowl and the seagrass Ruppia maritima in a southwestern Atlantic coastal lagoon.  Estuaries, 21(4B): 710-717.
(The study evaluated the distribution of waterfowl in relation to a seagrass (Ruppia maritima) patch, to infauna, and on its relationship with substrate characteristics.)

Brook, I. M.  (1978).  Comparative macrofaunal abundance in turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) communities in south Florida characterized by high blade density.  Bulletin of Marine Science, 28(1): 212-217.
(The author postulates that a high standing crop of seagrass may not be the primary determining factor in faunal abundance.)

Brooks, R. A. and S. S. Bell.  (2001).  Mobile corridors in marine landscapes: enhancement of faunal exchange at seagrass/sand ecotones.  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 264(1): 67-84.
(The study was conducted in Tampa Bay within a Halodule wrightii seagrass bed.  Activity levels of amphipods were examined to determine if the spatial location of drift macroalgae in seagrass landscapes affected amphipod abundance on drift macroalgae.)

Brown-Peterson, N. J., et al.  (1993).  Fish assemblages in natural versus well-established recolonized seagrass meadows.  Estuaries, 16(2): 177-189.
(The authors reported that species richness was higher in natural meadows during spring and autumn while density and species richness were higher in recolonized meadows during summer.)

Buesa, R. J.  (1974).  Production and biological data on turtle grass on the northwestern Cuban shelf.  Aquaculture 4: 207-226.

Burdick, David M. and F. T. Short, Frederick.  (1999).  Effects of boat docks on eelgrass beds in coastal waters of Massachusetts.  Environmental Management, 23(2): 231-240.
(The effects of docks on Zostera marina beds were measured using shoot density, canopy height, growth rates, light levels, and an assessment of eelgrass bed quality in Massachusetts estuaries.)

Carlson, P. R., et al.  (2002). Unfluence of sediment sulfide on the structure of South Florida seagrass communities.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 215-288)2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/215carlson.pdf   
(Some species of seagrasses are more tolerant to porewater than others.  The authors suggest that sulfide sediment levels be considered in restoration projects.)

Camp, D. K., S. P. Cobb and J. F. Van Breedveld.  (1973).  Overgrazing of seagrasses by a regular urchin, Lytechinus variegates.  Bioscience, 23(1): 37-38.

Culter, J. K. and J. R. Leverone.  (1993).  Bay bottom habitat assessment.  Final draft report.  69 pp.  Sarasota: Mote Marine Laboratory.
http://www.mote.org/techreps/303/303.pdf 
(Two elements were important to this study.  1. Delineation of the submerged aquatic vegetation and 2. Characterization of the different types of unvegetated bay bottom.)

Continental Shelf Associates .  (1987).  Assessment of hurricane damage in the Florida Big Bend seagrass beds.  New Orleans, LA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior/Minerals Management Service
(The survey of the Florida Big Bend seagrass beds was conducted  in August 1986 to assess long-term damage and recovery following the hurricanes of 1985.)

Dawes, C. J. D. Hanisak, and W. J. Kenworthy.  (1995).  Seagrass biodiversity in the Indian River

Lagoon.  Bulletin of Marine Science, 57(1):59-66.
(All six species of seagrasses known from the tropical western hemisphere as well as the endangered Halophila johnsonii were shown to grow in the Indian River Lagoon)

Dawes, Clinton J and D. A. Tomasko.  (1988).  Depth distribution of Thalassia testudinum in two meadows on the west coast of Florida; a difference in effect of light availability.  Marine Ecology, 9(2): 123-130.
(The authors suggested that although light limitation may be the usual limiting factor for depth distribution in seagrass meadows, other factors cannot be ignored in many meadows along the west coast of Florida.)

Dea Hartog, C.  (1985).  Factors effecting seagrass bed formation and breakdown.  Estuaries, 8(2B): 15A.
(Seagrass beds located in the littoral zone were  show to differ spatially and temporally in their development.  The differences were said to be caused by can be temperature, grazing by birds and the balance between sedimentation and erosion.)

Derrenbacker, James and R. R. Lewis.  (1982).  Seagrass habitat restoration, Lake Surprise,  Florida Keys.  In F. J. Webb (Ed.).  Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation: May 17-18, 1982.  Tampa, FL: Hillsborough Community College, Environmental Studies Center.
(The author describes the evaluation of three methods of seagrass planting.)

Dexter, R. W.  (1944).  Ecological significance of the disappearance of eelgrass at Cape Ann, Massachusetts.  Journal of Wildlife Management, 8: 173-176.

Dixon, L. K., J. R. Leverone and M. G. Valenti.  (1992).  Seagrass bibliographic database:
a compilation of the scientific literature pertaining to indigenous species from Tampa Bay.  313 pp.  Sarasota, FL: Mote Marine Laboratory.

Eleuterius, L. N.  (1987).  Seagrass: A neglected coastal resource.  In Proceedings of Tenth National Conference.  Estuarine and Coastal Management: Tools of the Trade (pp. 719-724).  New Orleans, Louisiana, 12-15 October 1986.
(The paper examines the three main causes that have resulted in a lack of research and, hence, information on seagrasses.)

Estevez, E. D., J. Sprinkel and R. A. Mattson.  (2002).  Responses of Suwannee River tidal sav to enso-controlled climate variability.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 133-144).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/e-OtherCoastalAreas/133estevez.pdf 
(Submerged aquatic vegetation were surveyed and fifteen species were found including Vallisneria Americana, Sagittaria kurziana and others.)

Fite, Susan D. and Keith A. Kibbey.  (1992).  Assessment of seagrasses in Estero Bay aquatic preserve.93 pp.  Lee County, FL: Lee County Environmental Laboratory, Division of Water Resources.
(During the fall 1991 survey of  Estero Bay, it was noted that Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii were the most ubiquitous seagrasses in the bay.)

Fonseca, M. S. and S. S. Bell.  (1998).  Influence of physical setting on seagrass landscapes near Beaufort, North Carolina.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 171: 109-121.
(The authors conducted filed surveys to relate the physical setting of seagrass beds, as measured by a wave exposure index, tidal current speed, and water depth, to various measures of the sedimentary environment, spatial heterogeneity of seagrass distribution and measures of seagrass abundance.)

Fonseca, M. S. and J. S. Fisher.  (1986).  Comparison of canopy friction and sediment movement between four species of seagrass with reference to their ecology and restoration.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 29(1): 15-22.
(The authors report on canopy friction and sediment movement for Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii, Zostera marina, and Syringodium filiforme using velocity, water depth, and plant density in a flume.)

Fonseca, M. S.  (1985).  Use of flume to measure stability of deepwater seagrass (Halophila decipiens ) meadows.  Estuaries, 8(2B): 5A.
(The article describes the use of a surface-supplied flume to measure the threshold of sediment movement in and out of deepwater (2o m) Halophila decipiens meadows.)

Fourqurean, Jim and Susie P. Escorcia.  (2002).  Seagrasses of South Florida.   South Florida Seagrass Ecosystems. 
http://alt1.csa.com/htbin/ids52/procskel.cgi  
(The web site provides links to information on spatial distribution of seagrasses in south Florida, time series data on abundance and productivity of seagrasses, and photos of benthic habitats, Seagrass monitoring in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Annual Report, and other related materials.)

Fourqurean, J. W., et al.  (2001).  Spatial and temporal pattern in seagrass community composition and productivity in south Florida.  Marine Biology, 138(2): 341-354.
(Looks at the distribution and abundance of seagrasses, as well as the intra-annual temporal patterns in the abundance of seagrasses and the productivity of the nearshore dominant seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) in the south Florida region.)

Fourgurean, J. W. and M. B. Robblee.  (1999).  Florida Bay: A History of recent ecological changes.  Estuaries, 22(2B): 345-357. 

Gilmore, Richard Grant.  (1988).  Subtropical seagrass fish communities: population dynamics, species guilds and microhabitat associations in the Indian River lagoon, Florida 199pp.  Thesis (Ph.  D.), Florida Institute of Technology.

Gourley, J.  (1989).  Habitat discrimination by nekton between adjacent Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrigthii seagrass meadows in a south Texas embayment.  MS Thesis, Corpus Christi State University, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Hall, M. O., M. J. Durako, J. W. Fourqurean and J. C. Zieman.  (2002).  Decadal changes in seagrass distribution and abundance in Florida Bay.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! ([pp. 107-124).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/e-OtherCoastalAreas/107hall.pdf  
(The paper examines the decline of seagrasses in Florida Bay beginning in 1987.)

Hall, M. O., et al.  (1999).  Decadal changes in seagrass distribution and abundance in Florida Bay.  Estuaries, 22(2B): 445-459.
(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme have declined substantially in density and biomass during the past decade.  T. testudinum decline was not homogeneous throughout Florida Bay.)

Hoskin, Charles M.  (1983).  Sediment in seagrasses near Link Port, Indian River, Florida.  Florida Scientist, 46(3-4): 153-161.
(The author examines sediment size between Thalassia, Halodule, and Syringodium beds and grass-free areas.)

Irlandi, E. A., W. G. Ambrose Jr. and B. A. Orlando.  (1995).  Landscape ecology and the marine environment: How spatial configuration of seagrass habitat influences growth and survival of the bay scallop.  Oikos, 72(3):  307-313.
(The authors observed that independent of structural characteristics of the seagrass, spatial patterning of the habitat can alter rates of predation on seagrass inhabitants.)

Iverson, R. L. and H. F. Bittaker.  (1986).  Seagrass distribution and abundance in eastern Gulf of Mexico coastal waters.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 22(5): 577-602.

Jaccarini, V. and Els Martens. (Eds).  (1992).  Ecology of mangrove and related ecosystems: Proceedings of the international symposium held at Mombasa, Kenya, 24-30 September, 1990.  226 pp.  Dordrecht ; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
(The thirty papers published in this volume were selected from seventy presented at the symposium.  Topics covered include: the mangrove forest and its users at the interface between the terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments; fully submerged seagrasses; corals; chemical and physical processes which constitute the mechanisms of linkages; and human uses and abuses of the ecosystems.)

Johansson, J. O. R.  (2002).  Water depth (MTL) at the deep edge of seagrass meadows in Tampa Bay measured by GPS carrierphase processing: evaluation of the technique.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 151-168).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/151johansson2.pdf  
(A technique which provides elevation measurements related to the mean tide level of seagrass is described and evaluated.)

Johansson, J. O. R.  (1997).  Historical overview of Tampa Bay water quality and seagrass trends.  In Sally Treat (Ed.).  Proceedings: Tampa Bay Area Scientific Information Symposium 3.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/c-TampaBay/001johansson1.pdf
(Looks at the historical coverage of seagrass meadows, loss of beds  and recent increases). 

Kaldy, J. E. and K. H. Dunton.  (2000).  Above- and below-ground production, biomass and reproductive ecology of Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass) in a subtropical coastal lagoon.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 193: 271-283. 
(The authors concluded that seasonal fluctuations in environmental parameters are the primary factors controlling seagrass growth rates and production.)

Kantrud, Harold A.  (1991).  Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima L.): a literature review.  58 pp.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/ruppia/ruppia.htm  
(The paper covers classification and distribution, development and reproduction, physiology, growth and production, decomposition, habitat and associated abiotic limiting factors, biotic communities and associated limiting factors, economics, propogation and management, control methods, and references.)

Kehl, Mary Jo.  (1990).  Comparisons in habitat use between the seagrass, Halodule wrightii and the alga, Caulerpa prolifera for macrofauna in the Banana River Lagoon, Florida.  165 pp.  Thesis (M.S.), Florida Institute of Technology.

Kemp, W. M., et al.  (1984).  Influences of submersed vascular plants on ecological processes in the upper Chesapeake Bay.  In Victor Kennedy (Ed).  Estuary as a Filter (pp. 367-394).  Orlando: Academic Press.

King Engineering Associates.  (1995).  Submerged aquatic vegetation distribution in tributaries of Tampa Bay.  Final report, February 1995.  1 v.  Tampa, FL: King Engineering Associate.

Koepfler, E. T., R. Benner and P. A. Montagna.  (1993).  Variability of dissolved organic carbon in sediments of a seagrass bed and an unvegetated area within an estuary in southern Texas., Estuaries, 16(3A): 391-404.

LeGore, Steve.  (1996).  Pre-construction seagrass survey: Section 14 emergency shoreline protection study Bradenton Beach, Manatee County, Florida seagrass monitoring.  iv, 11 p. : p., ill., charts ;, 28 cm.  Sarasota, FL  : Mote Environmental Services.

LeGore, Steve.  (1996).  Post-construction seagrass survey : Section 14 emergency shoreline protection study Bradenton Beach, Manatee County, Florida seagrass monitoring.  vi, 21 p. : p., ill., charts ;, 28 cm.  Sarasota, FL  : Mote Environmental Services.

Lewis, R. R.  (2002).  Potential importance of the longshore bar system to the persistence and restoration of Tampa Bay seagrass meadows.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 177-184).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/177lewis2.pdf 
(The authors suggest that maintenance for longshore bar systems may be essential for maintenance and restoration of seagrasses beds.)

Lewis, R. R., A. B. Hodgson, M. Tooze and C. D. Kruer.  (2002).  Distribution of seagrass and benthic habitats westward of the patch reef system boundary in Biscayne National Park, Florida.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 125-132).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/e-OtherCoastalAreas/125lewis1.pdf  
(The study mapped the distribution of seagrass beds between the patch reefs system that marks the eastern boundary of Biscayne Bay National Park and the western shoreline of the Park.)

Lewis, Roy R., K. D. Haddad and J. O. Johansson.  (1991).  Recent areal expansion of seagrass meadows in Tampa Bay, Florida: Real improvements or drought-induced?  In S. F. Treat and P. Clark (Eds.).  Proceedings, Tampa Bay Area Scientific Information Symposium 2 (pp. 189-192).  Sarasota, FL.

Lewis, Roy R. and Steven C. Sauers.  (1987).  Seagrass meadows of Sarasota Bay: A review.  Proceedings of the Sarasota Bay Area Scientific Information Symposium.  April 24-25, 1987.  Sarasota, Fl.

Lewis, Roy R., et al.  (1985).  Seagrass meadows of Tampa Bay–A review.  In S. F. Treat, J. L. Simon, R. R. Lewis and R. L. Whitman (Eds.).  Proceedings, Tampa Bay Area Scientific Information Symposium (pp. 210-246).  Sarasota, FL.

Loflin, R. K.  (1995).  Effects of docks on seagrass beds in the Charlotte Harbor estuary.  Florida Scientist,  58(2): 198-205.
(The study examines conditions of submerged seagrass beds related to existing boat docks in Pine Island Sound and San Carlos Bay)

Marshall, C. D., et al.  (2000).  Food-handling ability and feeding-cycle length of manatees feeding on several species of aquatic plants.  Journal of Mammalogy,  81(3):  649-658. 
(The food-handling ability was observed in Florida manatees feeding on aquatic species Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum spicatum, and Vallisneria americana and marine species Syringodium filiforme and Thalassia testudinum.)

Orth, R. J., K. L. Heck Jr. and J. van Montfrans.  (1984).  Faunal communities in seagrass beds: A review of the influence of plant structure and prey characteristics on predator-prey relationship.  Estuaries,  7(4A): 339-350.
(Seagrass meadows contain a dense and varied assemblage of vertebrates and invertebrates in comparison to nearby unvegetated areas.)

Orth, R. J. and K. A. Moore.  (1983).  Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation.  Science,  222(4619): 51-53.
(The losses in Zostera marina, was thought ot have been greater than the decline that occurred during the pandemic demise of the 1930's.)

Peterson, B. J. and  J. W. Fourqurean.  (2001).  Large-scale patterns in seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) demographics in south Florida.  Limnology and Oceanography, 46(5): 1077-1090.
(The study examines the population age structure of 118 spatially separated subpopulations of Thalassia testudinum in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.)

Phillips, Ronald C. and Peter C. McRoy.  (1980).  Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective.  353 pp.  New York: Garland STPM Press.

Phillips, Ronald C.  (1960).  Observations on the ecology and distribution of the Florida seagrasses.  72 pp.  St. Petersburg, Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Lab.

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277a.pdf
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277b.pdf
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277c.pdf
• Part 4: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277d.pdf
• Part 5: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277e.pdf
• Part 6: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277f.pdf    
• Part 7: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277g.pdf   

(The paper covers distribution, ecology, and growth rates of Florida’s seagrasses.)

Preen, A. and H. Marsh.  (1995).  Response of dugongs to large-scale loss of seagrass from Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia.  Wildlife Research.  Melbourne.  22(4): 507-519.
(The authors describe loss of more than 100 sq km of seagrass following floods and a cyclone in 1992 and, eight months later, the loss of a total of 99 dugongs most of who were emaciated as a result of starvation.)

Office of Coastal Zone Management.  (1987).  Preliminary analyses of seagrass and benthic infauna in Johnson and Clam Bays, Collier County, Florida.  32 pp.  Naples, FL: Collier County Natural Resources Management Department.

Orth, R. J.  (1977).  Importance of sediment stability in seagrass communities.  In B. C. Coull (Ed.).  Ecology of Marine Benthos (pp. 281-300).  Columbia , SC: University of South Carolina Press.

Robbins, B. D. and S. S. Bell.  (2000).  Dynamics of a subtidal seagrass landscape: Seasonal and annual change in relation to water depth.  Ecology, 81(5): 1193-1205.
(The Tampa bay study examines the spatial heterogeneity of a subtidal marine landscape and the areal extent of both mono-specific and mixed patches of seagrass species.)

Thayer, G. W., A. B. Powell and D. E. Hoss.  (1999).  Composition of larval, juvenile, and small adult fishes relative to changes in environmental conditions in Florida Bay.  Estuaries, 22(2B): 518-533.

Thayer, G. W., et al.  (1985).  Role of larger herbivores in seagrass communities.  Estuaries, 7(4A): 351-376.
(The article discusses the role of urchins, fishes and green turtles in tropical systems and waterfowl in temperate systems.)

Thompson, M. J. and T. Kunneke.  (1991).  Southwest Florida nearshore benthic habitat study.  Narrative report.  New Orleans, LA: U.S. Dept. of Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region.

Tolan, J. M., S. A. Holt and C. P. Onuf.  (1997).  Distribution and community structure of ichthyoplankton in Laguna Madre seagrass meadows: Potential impact of seagrass species change.  Estuaries, 20(2): 450-464.

Tomasko, D.  (2001).  Status and trends (1950 to 1999) of seagrass distribution in West Central Florida.  16th Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, St. Petersburg Beach, FL, 4-8 Nov 2001.

Virnstein, R.,  W. Avery and J. O. R. Johannson.  (2002).  On defining the "edge" of a seagrass bed.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 169-170).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/169virnstein2.pdf
(Vernstein, et al, discuss the need to define the edge of a seagrass bed, and how to do so.)

Wood, E. J. F., Joseph C. Zieman and William E. Odum.  (1969).  Influence of sea grasses on the productivity of coastal lagoons.  Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Zieman, Joseph C. and Rita Zieman.  (1989).  Ecology of the seagrass meadows of the west coast of Florida: a community profile.  155 pp.  Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Research and Development.

Zieman, Joseph C.  (1982).  Ecology of the seagrasses of south Florida: a community profile.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 

• http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=jpg

  OR

• http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=pdf      

(This community profile covers the seagrass ecosystem of southern Florida.  Topics discussed include the autecology of seagrasses; production ecology; the seagrass system; the seagrass community; trophic relationships in seagrass systems; interfaces with other systems; and human impacts and applied ecology.)

April, R. W. and K. Potts.  (1991).  Light requirements of seagrasses: relationship to the Federal water quality program.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 147-148).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Barko, J. W. and R. R. Twilley.  (1990).  Growth of submerged macrophytes under experimental salinity and light conditions.  Estuaries,  13(3):  311-321.
(Using the variables of differing light conditions and salinity, the growth, morphology, and chemical composition of Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton perfoliatus, and Vallisneria americana were compared.)

Batiuk, R., P. et al.  (1992).  Chesapeake Bay submerged aquatic vegetation habitat requirements and restoration goals: a technical synthesis.162 pp.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency CBP/TRS 83/92.

• Index: http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/index.html    
• Introduction: http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/01.pdf
• SAV, Water Quality, and Physical Habitat http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/02.pdf         
• Light Requirements for SAV Survival and Growth http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/03.pdf         
• Factors in Water-Column Light Attenuation http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/04.pdf         
• Epiphyte Contributions to Light Attenuation at the Leaf Surface http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/05.pdf         
• Beyond Light: Physical, Geological and Chemical Habitat Requirements http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/06.pdf         
• Setting, Applying and Evaluating Minimum Light Requirements http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/07.pdf         
• SAV Distribution Restoration Goals and Targets http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/08.pdf         
• Nearshore vs Midchannel Water Quality Conditions http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/09.pdf         
• Future Needs for Continued Management Application http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/10.pdf         

Batiuk, R.  (1991).  Photosynthetic and growth responses of tropical and temperate seagrasses in relation to secchi depth, light attenuation and daily light period.  pp 145-146.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 147-148).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Blanch, S. J., G. G. Ganf and K. K. Walker.  (1998).  Growth and recruitment in Vallisneria americana as related to average irradiance in the water column.   Aquatic Botany, 61 (3) pp. 181-205.
(The study examines the relationships between average irradiance, I horizontal bar , and the growth responses of Vallisneria americana over 102 days.)

Burdick, David M.  and F. T. Short, Frederick.  (1999).  Effects of boat docks on eelgrass beds in coastal waters of Massachusetts.  Environmental Management, 23(2): 231-240.
(The effects of docks on Zostera marina beds were measured using shoot density, canopy height, growth rates, light levels, and an assessment of eelgrass bed quality in Massachusetts estuaries.)

Burtone, S. A. (Ed.).  Seagrasses: Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology, and Management.  Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
(Includes chapters on the following: Establishing light requirements for the seagrass Thalassia; Somatic, respiratory, and photosynthetic responses of the seagrass Halodule wrightii to light reduction;  Effects of dock height on light irradiance (PAR) and seagrass (Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme) cover; Tape grass life history metrics associated with environmental variables in a controlled estuary; Experimental studies on the salinity tolerance of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum; Effects of the disposal of reverse osmosis seawater desalination discharges on a seagrass meadow; Development and use of an epiphyte photo-index (EPI) for assessing epiphyte loadings on the seagrass Halodule wrightii; Establishing baseline seagrass parameters in a small estuarine bay; Monitoring submerged aquatic vegetation in Hillsborough Bay, Florida; Monitoring the effects of construction and operation of a marina on the seagrass Halophila decipiens; Recent trends in seagrass distributions in Southwest Florida coastal waters; Monitoring seagrass changes in Indian River Lagoon, Florida using fixed transects; Long-term trends in seagrass beds in the Mosquito Lagoon and Northern Banana; Reciprocal transplanting of the threatened seagrass Halophila johnsonii (Johnson's seagrass) in the Indian River Lagoon; Setting seagrass targets for the Indian River Lagoon; Seagrass bed recovery after hydrological restoration in a coastal lagoon with groundwater discharges in the North of Yucatan; Observations on the regrowth of subaquatic vegetation following transplantation; Scaling submersed plant community responses to experimental nutrient enrichment; Seagrass ecosystem characteristics and research and management needs in the Florida Big Bend; Seagrass restoration in Tampa Bay; and Matching salinity metrics to estuarine seagrasses for freshwater inflow management.)

Carter, V., J. Barko, G. L. Godshalk and N. B. Rybicki.  (1988).  Effects of submersed macrophytes on water quality in the tidal Potomac River, Maryland.  Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 4(4):  493-501.
(In measuring the effects of submersed macrophytes on water quality, the authors examined temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and tide-related measurements of suspended-particulate matter and chlorophyll-a, along with light penetration and current velocity.)

Christian, D. and Y. P. Sheng.  (2002).  Light attenuation by color, chlorophyll a, and tripton in Indian River Lagoon.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 91-106).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/d-IndianRiverLagoon/091christian.pdf 
(The study was used to examine and understand light attenuation and verify a numerical light model.)

Dawes, Clinton J and D. A. Tomasko.  (1988).  Depth distribution of Thalassia testudinum in two meadows on the west coast of Florida; a difference in effect of light availability.  Marine Ecology, 9(2): 123-130.
(The authors suggested that although light limitation may be the usual limiting factor for depth distribution in seagrass meadows, other factors cannot be ignored in many meadows along the west coast of Florida.)

Dawes, C., et al.  (1987).  Proximate composition, photosynthetic and respiratory responses of the seagrass Halophila engelmannii from Florida.  Aquatic Botany, 27(2): 195-201.
(The photosynthetic responses of oceanic Halophila engelmannii appears to have broader temperature and salinity tolerances than the estuarine population.)

Dennison, W. C.  (1991).  Photosynthetic and growth responses of tropical and temperate seagrasses in relation to secchi depth, light attenuation and daily light period.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 133-134).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Dennison, W. C.  (1985).  Effects of light on photosynthesis and distribution of seagrasses.  Estuaries, 8(2B): 14A.
(Maximum depth limits for Zostera marina were predicted for various light extinction coefficients and a relationship between Secchi disc depth and the maximum depth limit for survival was established.)

Dixon, L. K.  (2002).  Light requirements of Tampa Bay seagrasses: nutrient-related issues still pending.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 21-28).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program. 
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/c-TampaBay/021dixon.pdf  
(The paper examines seagrass epiphytes attenuation of light and light requirements of Thalassia.)

Dixon, L. Kellie.  (2000).  Establishing light requirements for the seagrass Thalassia testudinum.  In S. Burtone, (Ed.).  Seagrasses: Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology, and Management.  Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
(For other seagrass subjects covered in this book, see Bortone, S. A. (Ed.).  Seagrasses: Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology, and Management.)   

Dixon, L. K. and G. Kirkpatrick.  (1995).  Light attenuation with respect to Seagrasses in Sarasota Bay, Florida.  Mote Marine Laboratory no. 407.  53 pp.  Sarasota, FL: Mote Marine Laboratory.
http://www.mote.org/techreps/407/407.pdf  
(The authors examined the factors contributing to water column light attenuation of the edges of seven seagrass beds in Sarasota Bay.)

Dixon, L. K. and J. R. Leverone.  (1995).  Light requirements of Thalassia testudinum in Tampa Bay, Florida.  Final Report.  Mote Marine Laboratory Report no. 425.  77 pp.  Sarasota: Mote Marine Laboratory.
http://www.mote.org/techreps/425/425.pdf       

Dixon, L. K. and J. R. Leverone.  (1993).  Evaluation of existing data on light requirements of the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii.  Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report no. 291.  10 pp.  Sarasota, FL: Mote Marine Laboratory

Dixon, L. K., J. R. Leverone and M. G. Valenti.  (1992).  Seagrass bibliographic database: a compilation of the scientific literature pertaining to indigenous species from Tampa Bay.  313 pp.  Sarasota, FL: Mote Marine Laboratory.

Doyle, R. D. and R. M. Smart.  (2001).  Impacts of water column turbidity on the survival and growth of Vallisneria americana winterbuds and seedlings.  Lake and Reservoir Management, 17(1): 17-28.
(Survival and growth of Vallisneria americana winterbuds are related to both initial winterbud size and turbidity.)

Duarte, C. M.  (1991).  Seagrass depth limits.  Aquatic Botany, 40(4):  363-377.
(Worldwide, the depth limit of seagrass communities showed that these angiosperms may extend from mean sea level down to a depth of 90 m, and that differences in seagrass depth limit are largely attributable to differences in light attenuation underwater)

Dunton, K. H.  (1996).  Photosynthetic production and biomass of the subtropical seagrass Halodule wrightii along an estuarine gradient.  Estuaries, 19(2B): 436-447.

Durako, Michael J., Ronald C. Phillips and Roy R. Lewis, III, (Eds.).  (1987).  Symposium on Subtropical-Tropical Seagrasses of the Southeastern United States.  Proceedings of the Symposium on Subtropical-Tropical Seagrasses of the Southeastern United States, 12 August, 1985.  209 pp.  St. Petersburg, FL: Florida Dept. of Natural Resources, Bureau of Marine Research.

Durako, M. J. and M. D. Moffler.  (1985).  Factors affecting the reproductive ecology of seagrass.  Estuaries, 8(2B): 16A.
(The study indicates that water temperature influences floral development, sex ratios, fruit and seed production, and flowering.)

Fonseca, M. S. and W. J. Kenworthy.  (1985).  Effects of current on photosynthesis and distribution of seagrasses.  Estuaries, 8(2B): 15A.

Fourqurean, J. W. and J. C. Zieman.  (1991).  Photosynthesis, respiration and whole plant carbon budgets of Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 59-70).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Gallegos, C. L. and W. J. Kenworthy.  (1996).  Seagrass depth limits in the Indian River Lagoon (Florida, U.S.A.): Application of an optical water quality model.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 42(3):  267-288. 

Gallegos,C. L., D. L. Correll and J. Pierce.  (1991).  Modeling spectral light available to submerged aquatic vegetation.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 114-126).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Greening, H.  (2002).  Implementing the Tampa bay seagrass restoration management strategy.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! 2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/c-TampaBay/029greening.pdf
(The paper discusses the nitrogen loading targets adopted for Tampa Bay based on the water quality and light requirements for Thalassia.)         

Hall, M. O., D. A. Tomasko and F. X. Courtney.  (1991).  Responses of Thalassia testudinum to in situ light reduction.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 85-94).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Hall, M. O., D. A. Tomasko, and F. X. Courtney.  (1990).  Responses of Thalassia testudinum to in situ light reduction.  In W. J. Kenworthy,  and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Results and recommendations of a workshop convened to examine the capability of water quality criteria, standards and monitoring programs to protect seagrasses from deteriorating water transparency (pp. 53-58).  West Palm Beach, FL: South Florida Water Management District.

Herzka, S. Z. and K. H. Dunton.  (1997).  Seasonal photosynthetic patterns of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum in the western Gulf of Mexico.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 152(1-3):  103-117.

Kenworthy, W. J. and M. S. Fonseca.  (1996).  Light requirements of seagrasses Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme derived from the relationship between diffuse light attenuation and maximum depth distribution.  Estuaries,19(3): 740-750.
(The authors concluded that water quality criteria and standards needed to protect seagrasses from decreasing water transparency must be based on parameters that can be routinely measured and reasonably managed.)

Kenworthy, W. J. and D. E. Haunert. (Eds.).  (1991).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency.  Technical memorandum NMFS-SEFC-287.  187 pp.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanographic Administration.

Kraemer, G. P. and M. D. Hanisak.  (2000).  Physiological and growth responses of Thalassia testudinum to environmentally-relevant periods of low irradiance.  Aquatic Botany,  67(4):  287-300.

Moore, K. A. and R. L. Wetzel.  (2000).  Seasonal variations in eelgrass (Zostera marina.) responses to nutrient enrichment and reduced light availability in experimental ecosystems.  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 244(1): 1-28.

Morris, L. J., R. W. Virnstein and J. D. Miller.  Using the preliminary light requirement of seagrass to gauge restoration success in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 59-68).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/d-IndianRiverLagoon/059morris.pdf
(Minimum light requirements for seagrass at Indian River was determined to be 25% - at a depth of 1.7 m.  But only two sites were found to have this amount.)

Neckles, Hilary A. (Ed).  (1994).  Indicator development: seagrass monitoring and research in the Gulf of Mexico: report of a workshop held at Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, FL, January 28-29, 1992.   64 pp.  Cincinnati, OH : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Research Information.
Abstract:  http://www.epa.gov/ged/publica/cabtec22.htm       

Neckles, H. A.  (1991).  Complex interactions among light-reducing variables in seagrass systems: simulation model predictions for long-term community stability.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert, (Eds).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 127-132).  NOAA-TM-NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Phillips, Ronald C. and Peter C. McRoy.  (1980).  Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective.  353 pp.  New York: Garland STPM Press.

Phillips, Ronald C.  (1960).  Observations on the ecology and distribution of the Florida seagrasses.  72 pp.  St. Petersburg, Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Lab.

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277a.pdf
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277b.pdf
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277c.pdf
• Part 4: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277d.pdf
• Part 5: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277e.pdf
• Part 6: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277f.pdf    
• Part 7: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277g.pdf

(The paper covers distribution, ecology, and growth rates of Florida’s seagrasses.)

Onuf, C. P.  (1994).  Seagrasses, dredging and light in Laguna Madre, Texas.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 39(1): 75-91.
(The authors examined the light reduction resulting from maintenance dredging as the possible cause of a large-scale loss of seagrass in deep parts of Laguna Madre.)

Onuf, C.  (1990).  Light requirements of Halodule wrightii, Syringodium filiforme, and Halophila englemannii in a heterogeneous and variable environment inferred from long-term monitoring.  In Kenworthy, W. J. and D. E. Haunert (Eds.) Results and Recommendations of a Workshop Convened to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 55-66).  November 7-8, West Palm Beach: Florida.  South Florida Water Management District.

Orth, R. J.  (1977).  Importance of sediment stability in seagrass communities.   In B. C. Coull (Ed.).  Ecology of Marine Benthos (pp. 281-300).  Columbia , SC: University of South Carolina Press.

Shafer, D. J.  (1999).  Effects of dock shading on the seagrass Halodule wrightii in Perdido Bay, Alabama.  Estuaries, 22(4): 936-943.

Shafer, Deborah J. and Jennifer Lundin.  (1999).  Design and construction of docks to minimize seagrass impacts.  6 p.  Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.
http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/254a.pdf
(This technical note provides recommendations for the design and construction of dock and terminal platform structures to minimize impacts to seagrasses, and describes the construction of two experimental platforms in St. Andrew Bay, Florida.)

Shafer, Deborah J.  (2002).  Recommendations to minimize potential impacts to seagrasses from single-family residential dock structures in the Pacific Northwest.  Vicksburg, MS: U. S. Corps of Engineers.
http://www.nws.usace.army.mil/publicmenu/DOCUMENTS/Pier_Impacts_to_Eelgrass_Report.pdf  

Short, F. T.  (1991).  Light limitation on seagrass growth.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 38-41).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Stumpf, R. P., et al.  (1999).  Variations in water clarity and bottom albedo in Florida Bay from 1985 to 1997.  Estuaries, 22(2B): 431-444.

Twilley, R. R. and J. W. Barko.  (1990).  Growth of submersed macrophytes under experimental salinity and light conditions.  Estuaries.  13(3): 311-321.
(The growth, morphology, and chemical composition of Vallisneria Americana along with two other submersed macrophytes are compared in different salinity and light conditions.)

Virnstein, R., W.,  E. W. Carter, L. J. Morris and J. D. Miller.  (2002).  Utility of seagrass restoration indices based on area, depth, and light.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 69-80).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/d-IndianRiverLagoon/069virnstein1.pdf 
(The authors evaluated three seagrass indices: 1. area of seagrass cover,  2. maximum depth of growth, and 3. light penetration.)

Zieman, Joseph C. and Rita Zieman.  (1989).  Ecology of the seagrass meadows of the west coast of Florida: a community profile.  155 pp.  Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Research and Development.

Zieman, Joseph C.  (1982).  Ecology of the seagrasses of south Florida: a community profile.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 

• http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=jpg

  OR

• http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=pdf      

(This community profile covers the seagrass ecosystem of southern Florida.  Topics discussed include the autecology of seagrasses; production ecology; the seagrass system; the seagrass community; trophic relationships in seagrass systems; interfaces with other systems; and human impacts and applied ecology.)

Zimmerman, R. C. and R. S. Alberte.  (1991).  Prediction of the light requirements for eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) growth from numerical models.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 26-37).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Avery, H.  (2002).  Seagrass monitoring issues in Tampa Bay.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 55-58).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program. 
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/c-TampaBay/055avery.pdf   
(Avery discusses seagrass recolonization of Tampa Bay and monitoring programs.)

Biernacki, M. and J. Lovett-Doust.  (1997).  Vallisneria americana (Hydrocharitaceae) as a biomonitor of aquatic ecosystems: Comparison of cloned genotypes.  American Journal of Botany,  84(12):  1743-1751.
(The use of cloned plants reduced variance, and increased precision and accuracy of site assessment compared to Biomonitoring with genetically variable plants.)

Biernacki, M., J. Lovett-Doust and L. Lovett-Doust.  (1997).  Temporal Biomonitoring using wild celery, Vallisneria americana.  Journal of Great Lakes Research, 23(1): 97-107.
(The study assess the effects of sediment type, local water column, source of plants, and duration of exposure, survivorship and reproduction of Vallisneria americana.)

Blakesley, B. A., D. M. Berns, M. F. Merello, M. O. Hall and J. Hynovia.  (2002).  Dynamics and distribution of the slime mold Labyrinthula sp. and its potential impacts on Thalassia testudinum populations in Florida.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 199-208).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program. 
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/199blakesly.pdf
(The authors look at the potential impacts of the slime mold and recommend monitoring is area under stress that would be more susceptible.)

Bortone, Stephen A. and Robert K. Turpin.  (2000).  Tape grass life history metrics associated with environmental variables in a controlled estuary.  In Stephen Bortone (Ed.).  Seagrasses: Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology, and Management.  Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Burtone, S. A. (Ed.).  Seagrasses: Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology, and Management.  Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
(Includes chapters on the following: Establishing light requirements for the seagrass Thalassia; Somatic, respiratory, and photosynthetic responses of the seagrass Halodule wrightii to light reduction;  Effects of dock height on light irradiance (PAR) and seagrass (Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme) cover; Tape grass life history metrics associated with environmental variables in a controlled estuary; Experimental studies on the salinity tolerance of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum; Effects of the disposal of reverse osmosis seawater desalination discharges on a seagrass meadow; Development and use of an epiphyte photo-index (EPI) for assessing epiphyte loadings on the seagrass Halodule wrightii; Establishing baseline seagrass parameters in a small estuarine bay; Monitoring submerged aquatic vegetation in Hillsborough Bay, Florida; Monitoring the effects of construction and operation of a marina on the seagrass Halophila decipiens; Recent trends in seagrass distributions in Southwest Florida coastal waters; Monitoring seagrass changes in Indian River Lagoon, Florida using fixed transects; Long-term trends in seagrass beds in the Mosquito Lagoon and Northern Banana; Reciprocal transplanting of the threatened seagrass Halophila johnsonii (Johnson's seagrass) in the Indian River Lagoon; Setting seagrass targets for the Indian River Lagoon; Seagrass bed recovery after hydrological restoration in a coastal lagoon with groundwater discharges in the North of Yucatan; Observations on the regrowth of subaquatic vegetation following transplantation; Scaling submersed plant community responses to experimental nutrient enrichment; Seagrass ecosystem characteristics and research and management needs in the Florida Big Bend; Seagrass restoration in Tampa Bay; and Matching salinity metrics to estuarine seagrasses for freshwater inflow management.)

Dawes, Clinton J.  (2000).  Cockroach Bay, summary of data for 1999: results from the University of South Florida.  26 pp.  Tampa, FL.

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/170a.pdf
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/170b.pdf   

(The report addresses monitoring of seagrass recovery and re-growth techniques in Cockroach Bay, Florida.)

Dawes, Clinton J.  (1998).  Cockroach Bay, summary of data for 1998: results from the University of South Florida.  Tampa, FL.
http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/165a.pdf  
(The report addresses monitoring of seagrass recovery and re-growth techniques in Cockroach Bay, Florida.)

Durako, Michael J.,  et al.  (1997).  Multiscale assessment of the population status of Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass): a new approach to ecosystem assessment.  U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.fiu.edu/~crose01/pages/epa.html    

Durako, Michael J., J. J. Shup, M. F. DeLeon and S. W. Daeschner.  (1997).  Bioassay approach to seagrass restoration.  In F. J. Webb, Jr., and P. J. Cannizzaro (Eds.).  Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Ecosystems Restoration and Creation (pp. 44-55).  Tampa, FL: Hillsborough Community College. 

Ehringer, J. Nicholas, et al.  (1998).  Cockroach Bay, status of seagrasses for 1998: HCC results.  6 leaves.  Brandon, FL.
http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/166a.pdf
(This project concerns the monitoring of seagrass recovery and re-growth techniques in Cockroach Bay, Florida.)

Fourqurean, Jim and Susie P. Escorcia.  (2002).  Seagrasses of South Florida.  South Florida Seagrass Ecosystems.   http://alt1.csa.com/htbin/ids52/procskel.cgi

(The web site provides links to information on spatial distribution of seagrasses in south Florida, time series data on abundance and productivity of seagrasses, and photos of benthic habitats, Seagrass monitoring in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Annual Report, and other related materials.)

Fourqurean, J. W., et al.  (2001).  Spatial and temporal pattern in seagrass community composition and productivity in south Florida.  Marine Biology, 138(2): 341-354.
(Looks at the distribution and abundance of seagrasses, as well as the intra-annual temporal patterns in the abundance of seagrasses and the productivity of the nearshore dominant seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) in the south Florida region.)

Kelly, N., M. Fonseca and P. Whitfield.  (2001).  Predictive mapping for management and conservation of seagrass beds in North Carolina.  Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems,  11(6): 437-451.
(The authors describe an inexpensive means to scale-up from high-resolution data to a coarser scale that is often required for conservation and management.)

Kurz, R. C.  (2002).  Seagrass mapping: accuracy issues.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients!  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/209kurz.pdf 
(The authors discuss recommendations for accuracy in mapping seagrass beds.)

Lewis, R. R. and R. C. Phillips.  (1981).  Experimental seagrass mitigation in the Florida Keys Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii, Syringodium filiforme.  FWS/OBS (80/59).  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Sabol, B. M., et al.  (2002).  Evaluation of a digital echo sounder system for detection of submersed aquatic vegetation.  Estuaries, 25(1): 133-141.
(The paper describes a method for rapid detection of submersed aquatic vegetation using a high-frequency, high-resolution digital echo sounder linked with GIS equipment.  The technique provides good detection and measurement performance over a wide range of conditions for Vallisneria americana and seagrasses Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii, and Syringodium filiforme.)

Sewell, A. T., et al.  (2001).  Eelgrass monitoring in Puget Sound: Overview of the submerged vegetation monitoring project.  ERF 2001 Conference.
http://www.wa.gov/puget_sound/Publications/01_proceedings/sessions/oral/3a_sewel.pdf   

Virnstein, R., W.,  E. W. Carter, L. J. Morris and J. D. Miller.  (2002).  Utility of seagrass restoration indices based on area, depth, and light.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 69-80).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/d-IndianRiverLagoon/069virnstein1.pdf   
(The authors evaluated three seagrass indices: 1. area of seagrass cover,  2. maximum depth of growth, and 3. light penetration.)

Armstrong, N. E.  (1981).  Growth kinetics studies on three Seagrasses.  Estuaries, 4(3):  301.
(Specific growth rates for Thalassia testudinum, Halodule beaudettii, and Ruppia maritime were examined along with their salinity tolerance.) 

Bell, S. S., et al.  (2001).  Faunal response to fragmentation in seagrass habitats: implications for seagrass conservation.  Biological Conservation, 100(1): 115-123.
(The studies in Tampa Bay, FL, examined: (1) the relationship between abundance of both fish and amphipod fauna and seagrass patch size in 24 seagrass (Halodule wrightii) beds.)

Buesa, R. J.  (1974).  Production and biological data on turtle grass on the northwestern Cuban shelf.  Aquaculture 4: 207-226.

Dawes, Clinton J.  (1984).  Determination of in situ biomass and energetics in seagrass beds on the west coast of Florida.  57 pp.  Chicago, IL: Gas Research Institute; Springfield, VA .

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/b120a.pdf
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/b120b.pdf  
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/b120c.pdf
• Part 4: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/b120d.pdf
• Part 5: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/b120e.pdf
• Part 6: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/b120f.pdf

(The study determined the available biomass and energetics of the naturally occurring populations of seagrasses and algae in Tampa Bay, and along the west coast of Florida.)

Day, John W.  (1989).  Estuarine ecology.  558 pp.  New York: Wiley. 
(The author covers Estuarine geomorphology and physical oceanography; Estuarine chemistry;  Estuarine phytoplankton;  Zooplankton; Salt marshes and mangrove swamps; Estuarine seagrasses; Microbial ecology and organic detritus in estuaries; Estuarine bottom and benthic subsystem; Nekton; The role of wildlife in estuarine ecosystems; Estuarine fisheries and anthropogenic impact in estuaries.)

de la Hartog, C.  (1985).  Factors effecting seagrass bed formation and breakdown.  Estuaries, 8(2B): 15A.
(Seagrass beds located in the littoral zone were  show to differ spatially and temporally in their development.  The differences were said to be caused by can be temperature, grazing by birds and the balance between sedimentation and erosion.)

Dillon, K. S., J. P. Chanton, D. R. Corbett and W. C. Burnett.  (2002).  Nitrogen isotopic compositions of seagrass and algae: implications for tracing nutrient sources in two Florida estuaries.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 239-247).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/239dillon.pdf       

Durako, Michael J., et al.  (1997).  Multiscale assessment of the population status of Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass): a new approach to ecosystem ssessment.  U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.fiu.edu/~crose01/pages/epa.html    

Fong, P. and M. A.Harwell.  (1994).  Modeling seagrass communities in tropical and subtropical bays and estuaries: A mathematical model synthesis of current hypotheses.  Symposium on Florida Keys Regional Ecosystem.  November 1992.  Bulletin of Marine Science 54(3): 757-781.
(The model was created to predict changes in the biomass of five components of the autotrophy seagrass community that dominates tropical and subtropical bays and estuaries.)

Florida Power Corp.  (1978).  Final Report, Anclote Unit no. 1. Post-operational ecological monitoring program.  vol IV, Section 6: Benthos.  2.   Florida Power Corporation.
(The report examines the monthly and yearly mean of seagrass blades, stems, roots plus rhizomes, and total per m2 for the four species of seagrass found in the study area, Anclote Keys.  The study also looks at some of the benthic invertebrates inhabiting the study area.)

Fonseca, M. S. and W. J. Kenworthy.  (1985).  Population biology of temperate and subtropical seagrasses in North America.  Estuaries, 8(2B): 20A.

Fourqurean, Jim and Susie P. Escorcia.  (2002).  Seagrasses of South Florida.  South Florida Seagrass Ecosystems.   http://alt1.csa.com/htbin/ids52/procskel.cgi
(The web site provides links to information on spatial distribution of seagrasses in southFlorida, time series data on abundance and productivity of seagrasses, and photos of benthic habitats, Seagrass monitoring in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Annual Report, and other related materials.)

Fourqurean, J. W., et al.  (2001).  Spatial and temporal pattern in seagrass community composition and productivity in south Florida.  Marine Biology, 138(2): 341-354.
(Looks at the distribution and abundance of seagrasses, as well as the intra-annual temporal patterns in the abundance of seagrasses and the productivity of the nearshore dominant seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) in the south Florida region.)

Fourqurean, J. W., et al.  (1995).  Effects of long-term manipulation of nutrient supply on competition between the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii in Florida Bay.

Oikos, 72(3): 349-358.
(Long-term application (8-years) of fertilizer to a monoculture of Thalassia resulted in a change a dominance to Halodule wrightii  [97%}.) 

Fourqurean, J. W., J. C. Zieman and G. V. N. Powell.  (1992).  Phosphorus limitation of primary production in Florida Bay: Evidence from C:N:P ratios of the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum.  Limnology and Oceanography,  37(1): 162-171.
(The authors found T. testudinum from the bay to be phosphorous-limited and nitrate saturated, even in the sparsest seagrass communities.)

Fourqurean, J. W. and J. C. Zieman.  (1991).  Photosynthesis, respiration and whole plant carbon budgets of Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 59-70).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Gilbert, S and K. B. Clark.  (1981).  Seasonal variation in standing crop of the seagrass Syringodium filiforme and associated macrophytes in the northern Indian River, Florida.  Estuaries, 4(3): 223-225.
(The authors found that the minimum standing crop occurred from February through April and the maximum in September.)

Haller, W. T., D. L. Sutton and W. Barlowe.  (1974).  Effects of salinity on growth of several aquatic macrophytes.  Ecology, 55(4): 891-894.
(The authors reported that Vallisneria americana, Azolla caroliniana, and Salvinia rotundifolia gradually declined in growth as the level of salinity increased.

Heck, K. L. Jr., et al.  (1995).  Composition, abundance, biomass, and production of macrofauna in a New England estuary: Comparisons among eelgrass meadows and other nursery habitats.  Estuaries, 18(2): 379-389.

Heffernan, John J. and Robert A. Gibson.  (1983).  Comparison of primary production rates in Indian River, Florida seagrass system.  Florida Scientist, 46(3-4): 295-306.
(Production rates were obtained for T. testudinum, S. filiforme, and H. wrightii.)

Iverson, R. L. and H. F. Bittaker.  (1986).  Seagrass distribution and abundance in eastern Gulf of Mexico coastal waters.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 22(5): 577-602.

Jensen, P. R. and R. A. Gibson.  (1986).  Primary production in three subtropical seagrass communities: A comparison of four autotrophic components.  Florida Scientist, 49(3): 129-1413. 

Johansson, J. O. R.  (2002).  Water depth (MTL) at the deep edge of seagrass meadows in Tampa Bay measured by GPS carrierphase processing: evaluation of the technique.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 151-168).  2000 Aug 22-24. St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/151johansson2.pdf  
(A technique which provides elevation measurements related to the mean tide level of seagrass is described and evaluated.)

Kaldy, J. E. and K. H. Dunton.  (2000).  Above- and below-ground production, biomass and reproductive ecology of Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass) in a subtropical coastal lagoon.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 193: 271-283. 
(The authors concluded that seasonal fluctuations in environmental parameters are the primary factors controlling seagrass growth rates and production.)

Kantrud, Harold A.  (1991).  Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima L.): a literature review.  58 pp.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/ruppia/ruppia.htm 
(The paper covers classification and distribution, development and reproduction, physiology, growth and production, decomposition, habitat and associated abiotic limiting factors, biotic communities and associated limiting factors, economics, propogation and management, control methods, and references.)

Kraemer, G. P. and M. D. Hanisak.  (2000).  Physiological and growth responses of Thalassia testudinum to environmentally-relevant periods of low irradiance.  Aquatic Botany,  67(4):  287-300.

Lipschultz,F, J. J. Cunningham and J. C. Stevenson.  (1979).  Nitrogen fixation associated with four species of submerged angiosperms in the central Chesapeake Bay.  Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 9(6), 813-818.

Livingston, R. J., S. E. McGlynn and X Niu.  (1998).  Factors controlling seagrass growth in a gulf coastal system: Water and sediment quality and light.  Aquatic Botany, 60( 2): 135-159.
(The authors conducted the study to determine the relationships of water quality, qualitative and quantitative light factors and sediment characteristics in the definition of the distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation.)

Livingston, R. J.  (1980).  Ontogenetic trophic relationships and stress in a coastal seagrass system in Florida.  In Estuarine Perspectives.  Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial International Estuarine Research Conference; Jekyll Island, Georgia, October 7-12 1979.
(The paper examines detailed changes in food habits that traverse major trophic levels were used to test the effectiveness of trophic relationships as indicators of environmental changes.)

Orth, R. J. and K. A. Moore.  (1983).  Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation.  Science,  222(4619): 51-53.
(The losses in Zostera marina, was thought ot have been greater than the decline that occurred during the pandemic demise of the 1930's.)

Peterson, B. J. and  J. W. Fourqurean.  (2001).  Large-scale patterns in seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) demographics in south Florida.  Limnology and Oceanography, 46(5): 1077-1090.
(The study examines the population age structure of 118 spatially separated subpopulations of Thalassia testudinum in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.)

Peterson, B. J. and K. L. Heck.  (2001).  An experimental test of the mechanism by which suspension feeding bivalves elevate seagrass productivity.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 218: 115-125.

Phillips, Ronald C. and Peter C. McRoy.  (1980).  Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective.  353 pp.  New York: Garland STPM Press.

Phillips, Ronald C.  (1960).  Observations on the ecology and distribution of the Florida seagrasses.  72 pp.  St. Petersburg, Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Lab.

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277a.pdf
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277b.pdf
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277c.pdf
• Part 4: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277d.pdf
• Part 5: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277e.pdf
• Part 6: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277f.pdf    
• Part 7: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277g.pdf   

(The paper covers distribution, ecology, and growth rates of Florida’s seagrasses.)

Rutkowski, C. M., et al.  (1999).  Effect of groundwater seepage on nutrient delivery and seagrass distribution in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico.  Estuaries, 22(4): 1033-1040.

Sauers, S. C.  (1980).  Seasonal growth cycles and natural history of two seagrasses, Halodule wrightii and Thalassia testudinum in Sarasota Bay, Florida.  In W. J. Tiffany (Ed.).  Environmental Status of Sarasota Bay.  Sarasota, FL: Selby Foundation; Mote Marine Laboratory.

Short, F. T.  (1987).  Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses: literature review and mesocosm experiment.  Aquatic Botany, 27(1): 41-57.
(Short indicates that seagrass growth, abundance and morphology are strongly linked to available nutrient resources.)

Sullivan, Michael J. and Donna J. Wear.  (1996).  Effects of water-column enrichment on the production dynamics of three seagrass species and their epiphytic algae.  69 pp.  Ocean Springs, Miss: Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium.

Tomasko, D. A. and B. E. Lapointe.  (1991).  Productivity and biomass of Thalassia testudinum as related to water column nutrient availability and epiphyte levels: field observations and experimental studies.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 75(1): 9-17.
(The authors compare two seagrass meadows, one offshore of a populated island with over 2000 septic tanks, and the other offshore of a large bird rookery and the results of their nutrient loading on Thallasia and their epiphytes.

Virnstein, R. W.  (1982).  Leaf growth rate of the seagrass Halodule wrightii photographically measured in situ.  Aquatic Botany, 12(3): 209-218.
(The author clipper blades of H. wrightii near the sediment surface and a mirrored prism was set in place to photographically record subsequent regrowth of blades in situ.)

Wear, D. J., M. J. Sullivan, A. D. Moore, and D. F. Millie.  (1999).  Effects of water-column enrichment on the production dynamics of three seagrass species and their epiphytic algae.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 179: 201-213.
(The study examines the effects of the release of fertilizer on the growth of epiphytic algae on Halodule wrightii, Syringodium filiforme and Thalassia testudinum.)

Young, D. K. and M. W. Young.  (1978).  Regulation of species densities of seagrass-associated macrobenthos: evidence from field experiments in the Indian River estuary, Florida.  Journal of Marine Research, 26(4): 569-593.
(Using Halodule wrightii, the authors observed regulation of species densities of seagrass-associated macrobenthos.

Zieman, J. C., J. W. Fourqureau and T. A. Frankovich.  (1999).  Seagrass die-off in Florida Bay: long-term trends in abundance and growth of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum.  Estuaries, 22(2B): 460-470.

Zieman, Joseph C. and Rita Zieman.  (1989).  Ecology of the seagrass meadows of the west coast of Florida: a community profile.  155 pp.  Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Research and Development.

Zieman, Joseph C.  (1982).  Ecology of the seagrasses of south Florida: a community profile.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 

• http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=jpg

  OR

• http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=pdf      

(This community profile covers the seagrass ecosystem of southern Florida.  Topics discussed include the autecology of seagrasses; production ecology; the seagrass system; the seagrass community; trophic relationships in seagrass systems; interfaces with other systems; and human impacts and applied ecology.)

Zieman, J. C.  (1977).  Seasonal variation of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum Koenig, with reference to temperature and salinity effects.  Aquatic Botany, 1(2): 107-123.
(Thalassia ‘s maximum productivity (standing crop, leaf length, blade density, and other variables) are reached in the warmer summer months.)

Zieman, Joseph C.  (1968).  Study of the growth and decomposition of the sea-grass,Thalassia testudinum.  50 pp.  Thesis (M.S.), University of Miami.

Bell, S. S,. M. O. Hall, S. Soffian and  K. Madley.  (2002).  Assessing the impact of boat propeller scars on fish and shrimp utilizing seagrass beds.  Ecological Applications, 12(1):  206-217.
(Bell, et al examined the relationship between damage from prop scarring in seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) beds and the abundance of three faunal taxa commonly associated with seagrass vegetation in Charlotte Harbor and Tampa Bay, Florida.)

Ehringer, J. Nicholas.  (1994).  Results of analysis of prop scar damage at the Fort Desoto aquatic habitat management area, 1992/1993.  29 pp.  St.  Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay National Estuary Program. 

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258a.pdf
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258b.pdf
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258c.pdf    
• Part 4: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258d.pdf
• Part 5: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258e.pdf
• Part 6: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258f.pdf    

(The authors analyzed three sets of aerial photographs taken over the Fort Desoto Aquatic Management Area for prop scar damage to the seagrasses.  The photographs were taken in July 1992, March 1993, and November 1993.)

Sargent, Frank J., et al.  (1995).  Scarring of Florida's seagrasses: assessment and management Options.  46 pp.  St Petersburg, FL: Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection, Florida Marine Research Institute.
(This report identifies and quantifies the extent of scarred seagrass beds throughout most of Florida.  The data was collected and analyzed using a combination of aerial photography, aerial surveys, and Geographic Information System technology.  Information from this general study is intended to assist government agencies with developing specific management programs in regard to boat-generated scarring of seagrasses.)

Shirley, Michael A.  (1995).  Monitoring the effects of watercraft activity on seagrass beds within the Rookery Bay aquatic preserve: annual report.  24 leaves.  Naples, FL: Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve.

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/estero/EB113A.pdf
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/estero/EB113B.pdf
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/estero/EB113C.pdf        

(This report presents the results of the first year's monitoring of propeller scarring and watercraft activity at selected seagrass beds within the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Florida.  The project was initiated to monitor propeller scarring of seagrass beds while various management strategies were being implemented to reduce such impacts.  Evaluations of this year's management studies are limited to the effects of sign removal on propeller scarring of seagrass beds.  In addition, the author examined the effects of site, season, and watercraft type on propeller scarring and scar longevity.)

Soffian, Sheri.  (1998).  Effects of propeller scarring and seagrass density upon Syngathus scovelli (Pisces: Syngnathidae) abundances in the Charlotte Harbor Estuary, Florida.  51 pp.  Thesis (M.S.), University of South Florida.

Stowers, J. F., E. Fehrmann and A. Squires.  (2002).  Seagrass scarring in Tampa Bay: impact analysis and management options.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 47-54).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/c-TampaBay/047stowers.pdf 
(The authors discuss prop damage to seagrass beds and steps taken to regulate access within bed areas)

Uhrin, Amy Vanessa.  (2001).  Propeller scarring in a seagrass assemblage: effects on seagrass, physical processes, and response of associated fauna.  95 pp. Thesis (M.S.), University of Puerto Rico.

Wilderness Society.  (1990).  Is uncontrolled boating damaging thousands of acres of Florida's submurged seagrass meadows? The Wilderness Society, Florida Keys Audubon Society and Lewis Environmental Servies, Inc.

Bird, K. T., B. R. Cody, J. Jewett-Smith and M. Kane.  (1993).  Salinity effects on Ruppia maritima L. cultured in vitro.  Botanica Marina, 36(1): 23-28.
(The authors tested the effects of various levels of salinity on rhizome growth and rooting of Ruppia maritima.)

Cox, P. A., T. Elmqvist and Tomlinson, P. B.  (1990).  Submarine pollination and reproductive morphology in Syringodium filiforme (Cymodoceaceae).  Biotropica.  22(3): 259-265.
(The authors found that S. filiforme is submarine pollinated)

Dawes, Clinton and J. Andorfer.  (2002).  Production of rhizome meristems by Thalassia testudinum.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 185-198).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/185dawes.pdf
(The article covers the slow recovery of Thalassia from propeller cuts and possible strategies for regrowth.)   

Durako, M. J. and M. D. Moffler.  (1985).  Factors affecting the reproductive ecology of seagrass.  Estuaries, 8(2B): 16A.
(The study indicates that water temperature influences floral development, sex ratios, fruit and seed production, and flowering.)

Grey, W. F. and M. D. Moffler.  (1978).  Flowering of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Tampa Bay, Florida areas.  Aquatic Botany, 5(3): 251-259.
(The authors examined 9 sites in the Tampa Bay documenting flowering occurrence for the Thalassia testudinum)

Kantrud, Harold A.  (1991).  Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima L.): a literature review.  58 pp.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/ruppia/ruppia.htm 
(The paper covers classification and distribution, development and reproduction, physiology, growth and production, decomposition, habitat and associated abiotic limiting factors, biotic communities and associated limiting factors, economics, propogation and management, control methods, and references.)

Moffler, D. D. and M. J. Durako.  (1984).  Axenic culture of Thalassia testudinum.  American Journal of Botany, 71(10): 1455-1460.

Moffler, M. D., M. J. Durako and W. F. Grey.  (1981).  Observations on the reproductive ecology of Thalassia testudinum.  Aquatic Botany, 10(2): 183-187.

Pettitt, J. M., C. A. McConchie, S. C. Ducker and R. B. Knox.  (1980).  Unique adaptations for submarine pollination in seagrasses.  Nature, 286(5772): 487-489.
(The authors examine the characteristics of angiosperms adapted to the marine environment.)

Phillips, Ronald C. and Peter C. McRoy.  (1980).  Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective.  353 pp.  New York: Garland STPM Press.

Phillips, Ronald C.  (1960).  Observations on the ecology and distribution of the Florida seagrasses.  72 pp.  St. Petersburg, Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Lab.

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277a.pdf
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277b.pdf
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277c.pdf
• Part 4: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277d.pdf
• Part 5: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277e.pdf
• Part 6: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277f.pdf    
• Part 7: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277g.pdf   

(The paper covers distribution, ecology, and growth rates of Florida’s seagrasses.)

Witz, M. J. A. and C. J. Dawes.  (1995).  Flowering and short shoot age in three Thalassia testudinum meadows off west-central Florida.  Botanica Marina,  38(5): 431-436. 
(The authors determined that flowering frequency of T. testudinum in the area of Tampa Bay was generally once per year)

Zieman, Joseph C. and Rita Zieman.  (1989).  Ecology of the seagrass meadows of the west coast of Florida: a community profile.  155 pp.  Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Research and Development.

Zieman, Joseph C.  (1982).  Ecology of the seagrasses of south Florida: a community profile.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 

• http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=jpg

  OR

• http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=pdf      

(This community profile covers the seagrass ecosystem of southern Florida.  Topics discussed include the autecology of seagrasses; production ecology; the seagrass system; the seagrass community; trophic relationships in seagrass systems; interfaces with other systems; and human impacts and applied ecology.)

Austin, C., Bruce Thorhaug and Anitra Thorhaug.  (1977).  Economic costs of transplanting seagrasses: Thalassia.  In R. R. Lewis (Ed.). Proceedings  of the Fourth Annual Conference on Restoration of Coastal Vegetation in Florida (pp. 69-75).  Tampa, FL: Hillsboro Community College.

Banner, Arnold.  (1977).  Revegetation and maturation of restored shoreline in Indian River, Florida.  In R. R. Lewis (Ed).  Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Restoration of Coastal Vegetation in Florida (pp. 13-43).  Tampa, FL: Hillsboro Community College.

Batiuk, R. P., et al.  (1992).  Chesapeake Bay submerged aquatic vegetation habitat requirements and restoration goals: a technical synthesis.162 pp.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency CBP/TRS 83/92.

• Index: http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/index.html    
• Introduction: http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/01.pdf         
• SAV, Water Quality, and Physical Habitat http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/02.pdf         
• Light Requirements for SAV Survival and Growth http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/03.pdf         
• Factors in Water-Column Light Attenuation http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/04.pdf         
• Epiphyte Contributions to Light Attenuation at the Leaf Surface http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/05.pdf         
• Beyond Light: Physical, Geological and Chemical Habitat Requirements http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/06.pdf         
• Setting, Applying and Evaluating Minimum Light Requirements http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/07.pdf         
• SAV Distribution Restoration Goals and Targets http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/08.pdf         
• Nearshore vs Midchannel Water Quality Conditions http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/09.pdf         
• Future Needs for Continued Management Application http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/10.pdf         
  

Dawes, Clinton and J. Andorfer.  (2002).  Production of rhizome meristems by Thalassia testudinum.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 185-198).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/185dawes.pdf
(The article covers the slow recovery of Thalassia from propeller cuts and possible strategies for regrowth.)   

Davis, R. C. and R. T. Short.  (1997).  Restoring eelgrass, Zostera marina, habitat using a new transplanting technique.  The horizontal rhizome method.  Aquatic Botany, 59(1-2): 1-15.
(The survival rate for the transplanted eelgrass was 98-99% at four of the five subtidal sites planted in 1994.)

Dawes, Clinton J. and J. Nicholas Ehringer.  (1996).  Studies on Thalassia testudinum in boat propeller cuts in Cockroach Bay, Florida.  Tampa, FL..

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/196a.pdf
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/196b.pdf   

(The goal of the study was to experiment with growth techniques for Thalassia testudinum and map the seagrasses of Cockroach Bay and adjacent waters of Tampa Bay.)

Dawes, Clinton J. and J. Nicholas Ehringer.  (1994).  Seagrass recovery from propeller cuts in Cockroach Bay, Florida.  Tampa, FL 

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/195a.pdf   
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/195b.pdf
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/195c.pdf
• Part 4: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/195d.pdf
• Part 5: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/195e.pdf   

(The project determined the extent of prop damage to seagrass beds and their rate of recovery.)

Derrenbacker, James and R. R. Lewis.  (1982).  Seagrass habitat restoration, Lake Surprise,  Florida Keys.  In F. J. Webb (Ed.).  Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation: May 17-18, 1982.  Tampa, FL: Hillsborough Community College, Environmental Studies Center.
(The authors describe the evaluation of three methods of seagrass planting.)

Durako, Michael J., J. J. Shup, M. F. DeLeon and S. W. Daeschner.  (1997).  Bioassay approach to seagrass restoration.  In F. J. Webb, Jr., and P. J. Cannizzaro (Eds.).  Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Ecosystems Restoration and Creation (pp. 44-55).  Tampa, FL: Hillsborough Community College.

Ehringer, J. N. and J. Anderson.  (2002).  Seagrass transplanting and restoration in Tampa Bay.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 29-38).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/c-TampaBay/039ehringer.pdf  
( The authors present new techniques for seagrass recovery.)

Ehringer, J. Nicholas, et al.  (1998).  Cockroach Bay, status of seagrasses for 1998: HCC results.  6 leaves.  Brandon, FL.
http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/166a.pdf  
(This project concerns the monitoring of seagrass recovery and re-growth techniques in Cockroach Bay, Florida.)

Ehringer, J. Nicholas.  (1994).  Results of analysis of prop scar damage at the Fort Desoto aquatic habitat management area, 1992/1993.  29 pp.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay National Estuary Program.   

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258a.pdf   
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258b.pdf   
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258c.pdf    
• Part 4: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258d.pdf   
• Part 5: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258e.pdf   
• Part 6: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/258f.pdf    

(The authors analyzed three sets of aerial photographs taken over the Fort Desoto Aquatic Management Area for prop scar damage to the seagrasses.  The photographs were taken in July 1992, March 1993, and November 1993.)

Fonseca, Mark S., W. Judson Kenworthy, and Gordon W. Thayer.  (1998).  Guidelines for the conservation and restoration of seagrasses in the United States and adjacent waters.  222 pp.  Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and  Atmospheric Administration, Coastal Ocean Office.
http://www.cop.noaa.gov/pubs/das/das12.pdf 
(This document presents an overview of the current state of seagrass conservation and restoration in the United States, discusses issues that should be addressed in planning seagrass restoration projects, describes different planting methodologies, proposes monitoring criteria and means for evaluating success, and discusses issues faced by resource managers.)

Fonseca, Mark S.  (1993).  Guide to planting seagrasses in the Gulf of Mexico.  25 pp.  Galveston, TX: Sea Grant College Program, Texas A&M University.

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/281a.pdf   
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/281b.pdf   
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/281c.pdf    

(Losses to seagrass habitats may be slowed or even reversed through properly planned and executed planting projects.  This handbook was developed to guide agency personnel, private consultants and others involved in wetland permitting, mitigation and restoration through the successful completion of these projects.)

Fonseca, M. S., G. W. Thayer and W. J. Kenworthy.  (1985).  Use of ecological data in the implementation and management of seagrass restorations.  Estuaries, 8(2B): 125 A.

Fonseca, M. S., et al.  (1985).  Low-cost transplanting technique for shoalgrass, Halodule wrightii, and manatee grass, Syringodium filiforme.  Instruction Report EL-84-1.  Washington, DC: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
(The paper describes a simple, lost-cost means of transplanting shoalgrass and manatee grass.)

Fonseca, M. S.,  Kenworthy, W., and Phillips, R. C.  (1982).  Cost-evaluation technique for restoration of seagrass and other plant communities.  Environmental Conservation,  9(3): 237-242, 1982
(The authors presents a method of cost-analysis for seagrass restoration that includes planning, planting, and monitoring activities, geographic location, tidal influence, labor, and materials.)

Huffman, J.  (2002).  Seagrass Recovery in West Galveston Bay.  In H.S.Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 145-150).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program. 
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/e-OtherCoastalAreas/145huffman.pdf 
( Huffman discusses the loss and recovery efforts of seagrass beds in Galveston Bay.)

Irlandi, E., et al.  (2002).  Influence of freshwater runoff on biomass, morphometrics, and production of Thalassia testudinum.  Aquatic Botany, 72 (1): 67-78.

Irlandi, E, S. Macia and J. Serafy.  (1997).  Salinity reduction from freshwater canal discharge: Effects on mortality and feeding of an urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) and a gastropod (Lithopoma tectum).  Bulletin of Marine Science, 61(3): 869-879.
(The paper examines the effects of rapid salinity fluctuation on survivorship and grazing rates of two common herbivores in South Florida seagrass beds)

Kantrud, Harold A.  (1991).  Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima L.): a literature review.  58 pp.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/ruppia/ruppia.htm 
(The paper covers classification and distribution, development and reproduction, physiology, growth and production, decomposition, habitat and associated abiotic limiting factors, biotic communities and associated limiting factors, economics, propogation and management, control methods, and references.)

Lewis, R. R.  (2002).  Potential importance of the longshore bar system to the persistence and restoration of Tampa Bay seagrass meadows.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 177-184).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/177lewis2.pdf  
(The authors suggest that maintenance for longshore bar systems may be essential for maintenance and restoration of seagrasses beds.)

Thorhaug, A.  (1979).  Mitigation of estuarine fisheries nurseries: Seagrass restoration.  3 pp.  "July 16, 1979."/ Reprint./ Citation of reprint: Presented At The Mitigation Symposium.  A National Workshop On Mitigating Losses Of Fish And Wildlife: 667-669, 1979./ Restoration And Planning Work Group Documents

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  (2001).  Seagrass and coastal wetland restoration tracking systems: A preliminary inventory and analysis of existing mythologies in the Gulf of Mexico region.  61 pp.  Washington, DC: The Agency, Gulf of Mexico Program.
http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/resttrack.pdf 
(Describes an inter-agency tracking system for regional seagrass and coastal wetland restoration)

Van Breedveld, J. F.  (1975).  Transplanting of seagrasses with emphasis on the importance of substrate.  Florida Marine Research Publication No. 17.  26 pp.  St. Petersburg: Florida Dept. of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory.

Virnstein, R. W.,  E. W. Carter, L. J. Morris and J. D. Miller.  (2002).  Utility of seagrass restoration indices based on area, depth, and light.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 69-80).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/d-IndianRiverLagoon/069virnstein1.pdf 
(The authors evaluated three seagrass indices: 1. area of seagrass cover,  2. maximum depth of growth, and 3. light penetration.)

Zimmermann, C. F. , T. D. French and J. R. Montgomery.  (1981).Transplanting and survival of the seagrass, Halodule wrightii, under controlled conditions.  Northeast Gulf Science,  4(2): 131-136.

Armstrong, N. E.  (1981).  Growth kinetics studies on three Seagrasses.  Estuaries, 4(3):  301.
(Specific growth rates for Thalassia testudinum, Halodule beaudettii, and Ruppia maritime were examined along with their salinity tolerance.) 

Barko, J. W. and R. R. Twilley.  (1990).  Growth of submerged macrophytes under experimental salinity and light conditions.  Estuaries,  13(3):  311-321.
(Using the variables of differing light conditions and salinity, the growth, morphology, and chemical composition of Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton perfoliatus, and Vallisneria americana were compared.)

Brook, I. M.  (1982).  Effect of freshwater canal discharge on the stability of two seagrass benthic communities in Biscayne National Park, Florida.  International Symposium on Coastal Lagoons, Bordeaux (France), 8 Sep 1981.  Oceanologica acta, 5(4 suppl): 63-72.

Brook, I. M.  (1982).  Effect of freshwater canal discharge on the stability of two seagrass benthic communities in Biscayne National Park, Florida.  International Symposium on Coastal Lagoons, Bordeaux (France), 8 Sep 1981.  Oceanologica acta, 5(4 suppl): 63-72.

Burtone, S. A.  (Ed.).  Seagrasses: Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology, and Management.  Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
(Includes chapters on the following: Establishing light requirements for the seagrass Thalassia; Somatic, respiratory, and photosynthetic responses of the seagrass Halodule wrightii to light reduction;  Effects of dock height on light irradiance (PAR) and seagrass (Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme) cover; Tape grass life history metrics associated with environmental variables in a controlled estuary; Experimental studies on the salinity tolerance of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum; Effects of the disposal of reverse osmosis seawater desalination discharges on a seagrass meadow; Development and use of an epiphyte photo-index (EPI) for assessing epiphyte loadings on the seagrass Halodule wrightii; Establishing baseline seagrass parameters in a small estuarine bay; Monitoring submerged aquatic vegetation in Hillsborough Bay, Florida; Monitoring the effects of construction and operation of a marina on the seagrass Halophila decipiens; Recent trends in seagrass distributions in Southwest Florida coastal waters; Monitoring seagrass changes in Indian River Lagoon, Florida using fixed transects; Long-term trends in seagrass beds in the Mosquito Lagoon and Northern Banana; Reciprocal transplanting of the threatened seagrass Halophila johnsonii (Johnson's seagrass) in the Indian River Lagoon; Setting seagrass targets for the Indian River Lagoon; Seagrass bed recovery after hydrological restoration in a coastal lagoon with groundwater discharges in the North of Yucatan; Observations on the regrowth of subaquatic vegetation following transplantation; Scaling submersed plant community responses to experimental nutrient enrichment; Seagrass ecosystem characteristics and research and management needs in the Florida Big Bend; Seagrass restoration in Tampa Bay; and Matching salinity metrics to estuarine seagrasses for freshwater inflow management.)

Bird, K. T., B. R. Cody, J. Jewett-Smith and M. Kane.  (1993).  Salinity effects on Ruppia maritima L. cultured in vitro.  Botanica Marina, 36(1): 23-28.
(The authors tested the effects of various levels of salinity on rhizome growth and rooting of Ruppia maritima.)

Doering, P. H. and R. H. Chamberlain.  (1999).  Experimental studies on the salinity tolerance of turtle grass Thalassia testudinum.  In S. A. Bortone (Ed.), Seagrasses: Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology, and Management (pp. 81-97).  Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Estevez, Ernest D. and Michael J. Marshall.  (1994).  Sebastian River salinity regime: report of a study.  1 v.  Sarasota, FL: Mote Marine Laboratory. 

Fears, Scott.  (1993).  Role of salinity fluctuation in determining seagrass distribution and species composition.  90 pp.  Thesis (M.S.), University of Florida.

Haller, W. T., D. L. Sutton and W. Barlowe.  (1974).  Effects of salinity on growth of several aquatic macrophytes.  Ecology, 55(4): 891-894.
(The authors reported that Vallisneria americana, Azolla caroliniana, and Salvinia rotundifolia gradually declined in growth as the level of salinity increased.

Kantrud, Harold A.  (1991).  Wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima L.): a literature review.  58 pp.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/ruppia/ruppia.htm
(The paper covers classification and distribution, development and reproduction, physiology, growth and production, decomposition, habitat and associated abiotic limiting factors, biotic communities and associated limiting factors, economics, propogation and management, control methods, and references.)

Koch, E. W. and C. J. Dawes.  (1991).  Influence of salinity and temperature on the germination of Ruppia maritima from the North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico.  Aquatic Botany, 40(4): 387-391.

Koch, E. W.  (1993).  Hydrodynamics of flow through seagrass canopies: biological, physical and geochemical interactions.  ix+123 pp.  Ph.D.  dissertation, University of South Florida. 

Kraemer, G. P., R. H. Chamberlain, P. H. Doering, A. D. Steinman and M. D. Hanisak.  (1999).  Physiological responses of Vallisneria americana transplants along a salinity gradient in the Caloosahatchee Estuary (SW Florida).  Estuaries,  22:138-148.
(The study demonstrated that V. americana, nominally classed as a freshwater macrophyte, is capable of a remarkable degree of halotolerance.)

Lazar, A. C. and C. J. Dawes.  (1991).  Seasonal study of the seagrass Ruppia maritima in Tampa Bay, Florida.  Organic constituents and tolerances to salinity and temperature.  Botanica Marina, 34(3): 265-269.
(The study suggests that Ruppia maritima  broader tolerance to salinity and temperature gives it a  competitive advantage over other seagrasses.)

Lewis, Roy R., K. D. Haddad and J. O. Johansson.  (1991).  Recent areal expansion of seagrass meadows in Tampa Bay, Florida: Real improvements or drought-induced?  In S. F. Treat and P. Clark (Eds.).  Proceedings, Tampa Bay Area Scientific Information Symposium 2 (pp. 189-192).  Sarasota, FL.

McMahan, C. A.  (1968).  Biomass and salinity tolerance of shoal grass and manatee grass in Lower Laguna Madre, Texas.  Journal of Wildlife Management, 33: 501-506.

Morrison, D., J. Malsi, P. Renault, P. Light and C. Marx.  (1990).  Effects of freshwater discharge from finger canals on estuarine seagrass and mangrove ecosystems in Southwest Florida.  In F. J. Webb (Ed.).  Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation (pp. 115-126).  Tampa, FL: Hillsborough Community College.

Phillips, Ronald C.  (1960).  Ecology of marine plants of Crystal Bay, Florida.  Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences, 23(4): 328-337.
(The author examines the sessile and unattached marine algae (including Thalassia testudinum) in the low-salinity environment of Crystal River.)

Phillips, Ronald C.  (1960).  Observations on the ecology and distribution of the Florida seagrasses.  72 pp.  St. Petersburg, Florida State Board of Conservation, Marine Lab.  

• Part 1: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277a.pdf
• Part 2: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277b.pdf
• Part 3: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277c.pdf
• Part 4: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277d.pdf
• Part 5: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277e.pdf
• Part 6: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277f.pdf    
• Part 7: http://library.fgcu.edu/chnep/277g.pdf   

(The paper covers distribution, ecology, and growth rates of Florida’s seagrasses.)

Quammen, M. L. and C. P. Onuf.  (1993).  Laguna Madre: Seagrass changes continue decades after salinity reduction.  Estuaries, 16(2): 302-310.
(Surveys conducted in 1965-1967, 1974-1976, and 1988 document a significant decrease in cover by Halodule wrightii following a salinity reduction.)

Shaffer, Rosalie N.  (1995).  Freshwater linkages: effect of salinity changes on the distribution and survival of seagrasses and emergent marsh vegetation in the Gulf of Mexico: a literature review.  52 pp.  Panama City, FL: National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(Part I:  Effect of salinity changes on the distribution and survival of seagrasses in the Gulf of Mexico.  Part II.  Effect of salinity changes on the distribution and survival of emergent tidal marsh vegetation in the Gulf of Mexico.)

Twilley, R. R.  and J. W. Barko.  (1990).  Growth of submersed macrophytes under experimental salinity and light conditions.  Estuaries.  13(3): 311-321.
(The growth, morphology, and chemical composition of Vallisneria Americana along with two other submersed macrophytes are compared in different salinity and light conditions.)

Zieman, Joseph C. and Rita Zieman.  (1989).  Ecology of the seagrass meadows of the west coast of Florida: a community profile.  155 pp.  Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Research and Development.

Zieman, Joseph C.  (1982).  Ecology of the seagrasses of south Florida: a community profile.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 

• Full text: http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=jpg

  OR

• http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=pdf      

(This community profile covers the seagrass ecosystem of southern Florida.  Topics discussed include the autecology of seagrasses; production ecology; the seagrass system; the seagrass community; trophic relationships in seagrass systems; interfaces with other systems; and human impacts and applied ecology.)

Alleman, R. W.  (1991).  Synopsis of the water quality and monitoring program in Biscayne Bay, Florida.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 152-159).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Batiuk, R., P., et al.  (1992).  Chesapeake Bay submerged aquatic vegetation habitat requirements and restoration goals: a technical synthesis.162 pp.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency CBP/TRS 83/92.

• Index: http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/index.html    
• Introduction: http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/01.pdf         
• SAV, Water Quality, and Physical Habitat http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/02.pdf         
• Light Requirements for SAV Survival and Growth http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/03.pdf         
• Factors in Water-Column Light Attenuation http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/04.pdf         
• Epiphyte Contributions to Light Attenuation at the Leaf Surface http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/05.pdf         
• Beyond Light: Physical, Geological and Chemical Habitat Requirements http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/06.pdf         
• Setting, Applying and Evaluating Minimum Light Requirements http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/07.pdf         
• SAV Distribution Restoration Goals and Targets http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/08.pdf         
• Nearshore vs Midchannel Water Quality Conditions http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/09.pdf         
• Future Needs for Continued Management Application
  http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/sav/10.pdf         
  

Bishop, J. H. and D. E. Canfield, Jr.  (1994).  Water quality and aquatic macrophyte responses to natural and anthropogenic changes in the environment in Kings Bay, Crystal River, Florida.  Lake and Reservoir Management,  9(2): 57.
(The study showed that elimination of treated municipal effluent from Kings Bay did not significantly reduce total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations in the bay.)

Burkholder, J. M., H. B. Glasgow Jr. and J. E. Cooke.  (1994).  Comparative effects of water-column nitrate enrichment on eelgrass Zostera marina, shoalgrass Halodule wrightii, and widgeongrass Ruppia maritima.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 105(1-2): 121-138. 

Cambridge, M. L., et al.  (1986).  Loss of seagrass in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia.  2. Possible causes of seagrass decline.  Aquatic Botany, 24(3): 269-285.
(The authors examined the possible reasons an extensive loss of seagrass in Cockburn Sound following industrial development.  They observed that transplanted seedlings survived poorly in that area compared with adjoining sites.)

Cambridge, M. L. and A. J. McComb.  (1984).  Loss of seagrass on Cockburn Sound, Western Australia.  1. The Time course and magnitude of seagrass decline in relation to industrial development.  Aquatic Botany, 20(3-4): 229-243.
(The authors examine a major loss of seagrass that occurred during a period of industrial development on the shores of Cockburn Sound, and the discharge of effluents rich in plant nutrients.)

Carlson, P. R., et al.  (2002).  Influence of sediment sulfide on the structure of South Florida seagrass communities.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 215-288).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/215carlson.pdf 
(Some species of seagrasses are more tolerant to porewater than others.  The authors suggest that sulfide sediment levels be considered in restoration projects.)

Carter, V., et al.  (1994).  Role of weather and water quality in population dynamics of submersed macrophytes in the tidal Potomac River.  Estuaries, 17(2): 417-426.
(The authors show how weather and water-quality data from 1980 to 1989 were correlated with fluctuations in submersed macrophyte populations in the tidal Potomac River.)

Carter, V., J. Barko, G. L. Godshalk and N. B. Rybicki.  (1988).  Effects of submersed macrophytes on water quality in the tidal Potomac River, Maryland.  Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 4(4):  493-501.
(In measuring the effects of submersed macrophytes on water quality, the authors examined temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and tide-related measurements of suspended-particulate matter and chlorophyll-a, along with light penetration and current velocity.)

Day, John W.  (1989).  Estuarine ecology.  558 pp.  New York: Wiley. 
(The author covers Estuarine geomorphology and physical oceanography; Estuarine chemistry;  Estuarine phytoplankton;  Zooplankton; Salt marshes and mangrove swamps; Estuarine seagrasses; Microbial ecology and organic detritus in estuaries; Estuarine bottom and benthic subsystem; Nekton; The role of wildlife in estuarine ecosystems; Estuarine fisheries and anthropogenic impact in estuaries.)

Dennison, W. C., et al.  (1993).  Assessing water quality with submersed aquatic vegetation.  Habitat requirements as barometers of Chesapeake Bay health.  Bioscience, 43(2): 86-94.
(The study examines habitat requirements of submersed aquatic vegetation to characterize the water quality of Chesapeake Bay.)

Dixon, L. K. and E. D. Estevez.  (1997).  Biogeochemical indicators of trophic status in a relatively undisturbed shallow estuary.  U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Air Quality Branch.  Sarasota: Mote Marine Laboratory.
http://www.mote.org/techreps/518/518.pdf   
(Shallow water environments offshore of the Chassahowizka River were sampled for submerged aquatic vegetation and water quality to establish baseline estuarine conditions.)

Durako, M. J.  (1994).  Indicators of seagrass ecological condition: An assessment based on spatial and temporal changes.  P 261-266.  In K. R. Dyer and R. J. Orth (Eds).  Changes in Fluxes in Estuaries: Implications from Science to Management (pp. 261-266).  Fredensborg, Denmark: Olsen & Olsen. 

Durako, Michael J., Ronald C. Phillips and Roy R. Lewis, III (Eds.).  (1987).  Symposium on Subtropical-Tropical Seagrasses of the Southeastern United States.  Proceedings of the Symposium on Subtropical-Tropical Seagrasses of the Southeastern United States, 12 August, 1985.  209 pp.  St. Petersburg, FL: Florida Dept. of Natural Resources, Bureau of Marine Research.

Greening, H.  (2002).  Implementing the Tampa bay seagrass restoration management strategy.  In H. S. Greening, (Ed.).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients!  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/c-TampaBay/029greening.pdf
(The paper discusses the nitrogen loading targets adopted for Tampa Bay based on the water quality and light requirements for Thalassia.)         

Hudon, C.  (1998).  Metal accumulation in American wild celery (Vallisneria americana) in the St. Lawrence River: effects of water depth and exposure to current.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,  55(10): 2317-2328.
(Vallisneria americana was assessed as an indicator species of metal concentrations via the examination of its spatial and temporal (short- and long-term variability.)

Johansson, J. O. R.  (1997).  Historical overview of Tampa Bay water quality and seagrass trends.  In Sally Treat (Ed.).  Proceedings: Tampa Bay Area Scientific Information Symposium 3.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/c-TampaBay/001johansson1.pdf
(Looks at the historical coverage of seagrass meadows, loss of beds  and recent increases.)

Kelly, J. K., et al.  (1990).  Effects of tributyltin within a Thalassia seagrass ecosystem.  Estuaries,13(3): 301-310.

Lapointe, B. E.  (1992).  Eutrophication and trophic structuring of marine plant communities in the Florida Keys.  59 pp.  Tallahassee, FL: Florida Dept. of Environmental Regulation.
(The article describes nutrient subsidies from sewage and a variety of other land-based human activities that are impacting Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii in South Florida.)

LeGore, Steve.  (1996).  Pre-construction seagrass survey: Section 14 emergency shoreline protection study Bradenton Beach, Manatee County, Florida seagrass monitoring.  iv, 11 p.  : p., ill., charts ;, 28 cm.  Sarasota, FL  : Mote Environmental Services.

LeGore, Steve.  (1996).  Post-construction seagrass survey : Section 14 emergency shoreline protection study Bradenton Beach, Manatee County, Florida seagrass monitoring.  vi, 21 p.  : p., ill., charts ;, 28 cm.  Sarasota, FL  : Mote Environmental Services.

Livingston, R. J., S. E. McGlynn and X. Niu.  (1998).  Factors controlling seagrass growth in a gulf coastal system: Water and sediment quality and light.  Aquatic Botany, 60( 2): 135-159.
(The authors conducted the study to determine the relationships of water quality, qualitative and quantitative light factors and sediment characteristics in the definition of the distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation.)

Lovett-Doust, D., L. Lovett-Doust and M. Biernacki.  (1994).  American wildcelery, Vallisneria americana, as a biomonitor of organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.  Journal of Great Lakes Research, 20(2):  333-354.
(The authors assess assesses Vallisneria americana as a biomonitor of organochlorine contamination.)

Moore, K. A.  (1991).  Field studies of the effects of variable water quality on temperate seagrass growth and survival.  In W. J. Kenworthy and D. E. Haunert (Eds.).  Light Requirements of Seagrasses: Proceedings of a Workshop to Examine the Capability of Water Quality Criteria, Standards and Monitoring Programs to Protect Seagrasses from Deteriorating Water Transparency (pp. 42-58).  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-SEFC-287.  Beaufort, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Potter, K. and L. Lovett-Doust.  (2001).  Biomonitoring site quality in stressed aquatic ecosystems using Vallisneria americana.  Ecological Applications, 11(1): p. 215-225.
(Leaf-to-root surface ratios in Vallisneria americana are used in measuring sublethal effects of organochlorine contamination.)

Prieto, María Cristina.  (1987).  Effects of domestic discharges on the inorganic nitrogen content in a seagrass-mangrove ecosystem.  100 pp.  Thesis (M.S.)--University of Puerto Rico.

Onuf, C. P.  (1994).  Seagrasses, dredging and light in Laguna Madre, Texas.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 39(1): 75-91.
(The authors examined the light reduction resulting from maintenance dredging as the possible cause of a large-scale loss of seagrass in deep parts of Laguna Madre.)

Potter, K. and L. Lovett-Doust.  (2001).  Biomonitoring site quality in stressed aquatic ecosystems using Vallisneria americana.  Ecological Applications, 11(1): 215-225.
(The study was conducted to determine whether this index of surface area could be used as an effective biomonitor of overall site quality in stressed aquatic ecosystems.)

Robblee, M. B., et al.  (1991).  Mass mortality of the tropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 71( 3):  297-299.
(A pathogenic agent related to eelgrass wasting disease may be involved in the mortality of T. testudinum populations.  Environmental factors and chronic hypoxia may also contribute to the die-off.)

Schramm, W. and  Pieter H. Nienhuis (Eds.).  (1996).  Marine benthic vegetation: recent changes and the effects of eutrophication.  470 pp.  Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag.

Short, F. T. and C. A. Short.  (1984).  Seagrass filter: purification of estuarine and coastal waters.  In V. S. Kennedy (Ed.).  Estuary as a Filter (pp. 395-413).  Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Stevenson, J. C., L. W. Staver and K. W. Staver.  (1993).  Water quality associated with survival of submersed aquatic vegetation along an estuarine gradient.  Estuaries, 16(2): 346-361.
(The authors examine the effects of water quality on submersed aquatic vegetation.)

Stevenson, J. C., et al.  (1981).  Nitrogen cycling in brackish submerged macrophytic communities.  Estuaries, 4(3): 301.
(The authors examined submerged macrophytes communities role removing large quantities of nitrogen from the water column of estuaries htereby providing a significant sink.)

Stevenson, J. C., N. Confer and C. B. Pieper.  (1979).  Decline of submerged aquatic plants in Chesapeake Bay.  Washington, DC: Biological Serv. Program, FWS.
http://www.fws.gov/r5cbfo/savpage.htm 
(The paper discusses loss of seagrass to natural stresses, hurricanes, warming trend, and natural diseases, and anthropogenic factors including pollution from sewage, agriculture, and petrochemical.)

Steward, Joel S.  (2002).  Complimentary use of different seagrass targets and analytical approaches in the development of PLRGS for the Indian River lagoon.  In H. S. Greening, Ed).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients!  (pp. 81).  2000 Aug 22-24; St. Petersburg, FL.  Tampa Bay Estuary Program. 
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/d-IndianRiverLagoon/081steward.pdf         
(The author discusses pollutant load reduction goals (PLRGs) using two different but complimentary approaches.)

Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission.  (1998).  Characterization of anthropogenic and natural disturbance on vegetated and unvegetated bay bottom habitats in the CCBNEP study area.  108pp.  Austin, TX: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission.

Tomasko, D., D. L. Bristol and J. A. Ott.  (2001).  Assessment of present and future nitrogen loads, water quality, and seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) depth distribution in Lemon Bay, Florida.  Estuaries, 24(6A): 926-938.  
(Nitrogen loads into Lemon Bay were modeled to have increased 59% between pre-development, 1850 [estimate] to 1995.  By 2010, nitrogen loads are predicted to increase an additional 45% or 58%.)

Tomasko, David A.  (1997).  Status and trends of seagrass coverage in Tampa Bay, with reference to other southwest Florida estuaries.  In J. Johansson and T. Ries (Eds.).  Seagrass in Tampa Bay: Historic Trends and Future Expectations.  St. Petersburg, FL.
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/c-TampaBay/011tomasko.pdf
(Paper covers the decline of seagrass beds in Tampa Bay over the last 20 years)

Tomasko, D., C. J. Dawes and M. O. Hall.  (1996).  Effects of anthropogenic nutrient enrichment on turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) in Sarasota Bay, Florida.  Estuaries, 19(2B):  448-456.
(Four Thalassia testudinum meadows were sampled bimonthly (6/1992-7/1993) to determine spatial and temporal variation in short shoot density, biomass, productivity, and epiphyte loads.  The study concluded that traditional water-quality monitoring programs can fail to detect the onset or continued nutrient-induced declines in seagrass.  Thus, seagrass meadows themselves should be monitored as a part of any effort to determine status and/or trends in the health of estuarine environments.)

Tomasko, D. A. and B. E. LaPointe.  (1994).  An alternative hypothesis for the Florida Bay die-off.  Symposium on Florida Keys Regional Ecosystem.  November 1992.  Bulletin of Marine Science, 54(3): 1086.
(The authors look at the potential role increased light levels and increased sediment nutrient levels in triggering the die-off Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay.)

Zieman, Joseph C. and Rita Zieman.  (1989).  Ecology of the seagrass meadows of the west coast of Florida: a community profile.  155 pp.  Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Research and Development.

Zieman, Joseph C.  (1982).  Ecology of the seagrasses of south Florida: a community profile.  Washington, DC: U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 

• Full text: http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=jpg

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• http://fulltext.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=feol&idno=UF00000120&format=pdf      

(This community profile covers the seagrass ecosystem of southern Florida.  Topics discussed include the autecology of seagrasses; production ecology; the seagrass system; the seagrass community; trophic relationships in seagrass systems; interfaces with other systems; and human impacts and applied ecology.)

Zieman, Joseph C., et al.  (1981).  Effects of oil on seagrass ecosystems.  16 pp. 

Zieman, Joseph C., et al.  (1978).  Seagrass literature survey: final report.  174 pp.  Vicksburg, MI: Waterways Experiment Station.

Zieman, Joseph C.  (1970).  Effects of a thermal effluent stress on the sea-grasses and macro-algae in the vicinity of Turkey Point, Biscayne Bay, Florida.  129 pp.  Thesis, University of Miami.

Zimmerman, Carl F. and John R. Montgomery.  (1984).  Effects of a decomposing drift algal mat on sediment pore water nutrient concentrations in a Florida seagrass bed.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 19(3): 299-302.
(The authors found that the decomposition of the algal mat over the sample site reversed the nutrient concentration gradient and caused a buildup of sediment nutrients.)

Doyle, R. D.  (2001).  Effects of waves on the early growth of Vallisneria americana.  Freshwater Biology, 46(3):  389-397. 
(The author examined the impact of 0.15-m waves on the survival and short-term growth and development of young Vallisneria americana plants.  The total mass accumulation of wave-exposed plants was only 50% of that of undisturbed plants.  In addition, the plants experiencing waves had significantly shorter leaves and produced significantly fewer daughter plants.)

Fonseca, M. S. and S. S. Bell.  (1998).  Influence of physical setting on seagrass landscapes near Beaufort, North Carolina.  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 171: 109-121.
(The authors conducted filed surveys to relate the physical setting of seagrass beds, as measured by a wave exposure index, tidal current speed, and water depth, to various measures of the sedimentary environment, spatial heterogeneity of seagrass distribution and measures of seagrass abundance.)

Mitchell-Tapping, H. J.  (1975).  Wave effect on sea grasses in the West Indies; the formation of the bare sand zone.  Geological Magazine, 112(5): 515-518.

Moncreiff, C. A., et al.  (1999).  Short-term effects of Hurricane Georges on seagrass populations in the north Chandeleur Islands: Patterns as a function of sampling scale.  Gulf Research Reports, 11: 74-75.
(The authors assessed the effects of a Hurricane George, a Category 2 hurricane, on the populations Thalassia testudinum.)

Robbins, B. D., M. S. Fonseca, P. Whitfield and P. Clinton.  (2002).  Use of a wave exposure technique for predicting distribution and ecological characteristics of seagrass ecosystems.  In H.  S.  Greening (Ed).  Seagrass Management: It's Not Just Nutrients! (pp. 171-178).  2000 Aug 22-24.  St. Petersburg, FL: Tampa Bay Estuary Program. 
http://www.tbeptech.org/SeagrassProceedgs/f-EmergingIssues/171robbins.pdf  
(The authors describe a technique that takes into account seagrass modification of hydrodynamics and its use in predicting distribution and ecological characteristics of a seagrass ecosystem.)

Turner, S. J., et al.  (1999).  Seagrass patches and landscapes: the influence of wind-wave dynamics and hierarchical arrangements of spatial structure on macrofaunal seagrass communities.  Estuaries, 22(4): 1016-1032.